Basics: What is Blockchain Technology?

A blockchain is exactly what it is named, a chain of blocks. Each block contains a record of information, such as a deed for a house, the metadata for an image, or potentially, a bibliographic record. The chain that links these blocks together means that if someone wants to change the information in one block of the blockchain without that change being obvious, they would also need to change each individual block that comes before it in the chain. The blockchain is also set up to be distributed, which means that it is copied many times and each copy is located on different computers at different locations. This also contributes to securing the information on the blockchain because if one copy is altered, then comparing that copy to all the other copies of the same blockchain will make it easy to see the alteration. If one copy of the blockchain has been altered, either intentionally or as a computer error, it is easy to simply delete that copy of the blockchain and replace it with a new copy made from one of the correct blockchains.

You may also hear blockchains referred to as decentralized. What this means is that the blockchain can be accessed and added to by anyone with the correct software without needing permission from a central company that owns blockchain technology. Although it is possible to create private or company owned versions of a single blockchain, blockchain technology in general is based on the idea that it will be decentralized and distributed over many computer networks which mean no-one company or individual has control over the entire blockchain. The single individual blockchain can be created and used by a company for internal use, but unless the company can provide multiple computers and networks to distribute the blockchain across, they will lose much of the security benefits of using a blockchain.

Blockchain technology is being considered for use in many different industries currently. This technology may be brought into libraries through vendor’s using smart contracts, through local government using blockchain to track budget use, or in the future through the process of hiring a new staff member whose transcripts are now located on a blockchain instead of with their individual university. If nothing else, blockchain is a technology that will touch the lives of our users as we provide them with new information literacy skills. Libraries may also use blockchains to establish a metadata catalog similar to OCLC which would be accessible and writable to every library, or to track first sale of an e-book which could potentially allow e-books to be resold as a used item or even donated to a library. For a current list of potential blockchain uses in libraries, click here.

There are many potential future uses of blockchain technology that could benefit libraries and other information professionals. Currently, blockchain technology appears to be something with enough potential that we all should be keeping an eye on its progress.

Basic/General Articles About Blockchains:

• DEMYSTIFYING THE BLOCKCHAIN: A BASIC USER GUIDE by Philippa Ryan on GovTech.com
  http://www.govtech.com/budget-finance/Demystifying-the-Blockchain-A-Basic-User-Guide.html  A quick Question and Answer session about what blockchain can do.

• THE ULTIMATE, 3500-WORD, PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE TO BLOCKCHAIN by Mohit Mamoria on thenextweb.com
  https://thenextweb.com/evergreen/2017/07/04/ultimate-3500-word-plain-english-guide-blockchain A simple but long, computer-less explanation of blockchain.

• A COMPLETE BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO BLOCKCHAIN by Bernard Marr on Forbes.com https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2017/01/24/a-complete-beginners-guide-to-blockchain/#16307de66e60

• NIST REPORT ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AIMS TO GO BEYOND THE HYPE on NIST.gov
  https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2018/01/nist-report-blockchain-technology-aims-go-beyond-hypeExplanation and link to the NIST report which explains and defines blockchain, lists some possible uses and discusses broader implications of blockchain adoption.

• THE TRUTH ABOUT BLOCKCHAIN by Marco Iansiti and Karim R Lakhani in Harvard Business Review
  https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain

• BLOCKCHAIN – WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW on Harvard Business Review (hbr.org)
  https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/06/blockchain-what-you-need-to-know Harvard Business Review: An audio clip and transcript of an interview with a Harvard business school professor explaining blockchain technology and its possible effects on various industries. Read the full abstract.

• BLOCKCHAIN: COULD LIBRARIES AND OPEN SCIENCE BENEFIT FROM THIS TECHNOLOGY? by Jason Griffey on ZBW Mediatalk https://www.zbw-mediatalk.eu/en/2018/02/blockchain-profitieren-bibliotheken-und-open-science-von-der-technologie/
  Jason Griffey answers questions about how Blockchain could affect libraries in the future.

• 2018: THE YEAR OF THE CRYPTOCURRENCY CRAZE by Scott Rosenberg: https://www.wired.com/story/future-of-bitcoin-blockchain-2018/?mbid=email_onsiteshare

• BLOCKCHAIN’S FUTURE: NINE PREDICTIONS by Cynthia Harvey on DataMation.com:  http://mobile.datamation.com/applications/blockchains-future-nine-predictions.html Nine predictions about the future of blockchain development. Read the full abstract.

• WHEN BLOCKCHAIN MEETS BIG DATA, THE PAYOFF WILL BE HUGE. This article was adapted from The CMO Primer for the Blockchin World by Jeremy Epstein, located on venturebeat.com: https://venturebeat.com/2017/07/30/when-blockchain-meets-big-data-the-payoff-will-be-huge/
  According to the article adapted from Jeremy Epstein’s book, The CMO Primer for the Blockchain World… Read the full abstract.

• HOW WILL BLOCKCHAIN CHANGE THE ECONOMY? by Samantha Radocchia on Forbes.com:
  https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/02/22/how-will-blockchain-change-the-economy/#6e50e6774905 Ideas on using blockchain to encourage the future of sharing economy.

• ONE PLACE WHERE BLOCKCHAIN COULD REALLY HELP: VOTING by Mike Montgomery on Forbes.com:
  https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemontgomery/2018/02/21/one-place-where-blockchain-could-really-help-voting/#7add9a75b892The future of voting may include using blockchains to record votes and prevent tampering.

• HOW BLOCKCHAIN CAN BUILD COMMUNITIES COMPLETELY FREE OF HIERARCHY by Mohit Mamoria on thenextweb.com: https://thenextweb.com/contributors/2017/08/13/blockchain-can-build-communities-completely-free-hierarchy
  A blockchain serves as a community of people from all over the world who are unified in wanting to provide transparency, trust and decentralization to the world. Read the full abstract.

• PROGRAMMABLE BLOCKCHAINS IN CONTEXT: ETHEREUM’S FUTURE by Vinay Gupta https://media.consensys.net/programmable-blockchains-in-context-ethereum-s-future-cd8451eb421e
  Vinay Gupta provides an explanation of the history of the database and how evolving technology in database management has led to the creation of blockchains, Bitcoin and Ethereum. Read the full abstract.

• AN INTRODUCTION TO ETHEREUM AND SMART CONTRACTS: BITCOIN & THE BLOCKCHAIN by Sebastián Peyrott (part 1 of a 3-part blog series) https://auth0.com/blog/an-introduction-to-ethereum-and-smart-contracts/
  Microsoft’s next step for Blockchain as a Service: Making it more usable by businesses from ZDNet, a Flipboard magazine by ZDNet Microsoft is looking to make its Blockchain-as-a-Service offering easier to use in real-world scenarios… Read the full abstract.

• AN INFOGRAPHIC ON THE HISTORY OF ETHEREUM – Clayton Jacobs https://readwrite.com/2017/10/18/infographic-ethereum-history/amp/

• FORGET BITCOIN: ITS BLOCKCHAIN THAT MIGHT CHANGE EVERYTHING – Lloyd Alter https://www.treehugger.com/economics/forget-bitcoin-its-blockchain-might-change-everything.html

• HAVE YOU TRIED THESE POPULAR BLOCKCHAIN GAMES? on Medium.com
  https://medium.com/the-mission/have-you-tried-these-popular-blockchain-games-34f2173fad92And for some fun… Four examples of online games that use and promote blockchain technology.

Articles That Explain the Basics of Bitcoin:

• BITCOIN WIKI PAGE, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Help:Introduction

Currently Using Blockchains:

• DIGITAL SCIENCE AWARD SPECIAL BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY CATALYST GRANTS by Cameron Shepherd on digital-science.com https://www.digital-science.com/blog/news/digital-science-award-special-blockchain-technology-catalyst-grants/
• COLORADO LAWMAKERS PUSH FOR BLOCKCHAIN IN GOVERNMENT by Michelai A. Graham on StateScoop.com http://statescoop.com/colorado-lawmakers-push-for-blockchain-in-government
• NEW YORK NEIGHBOURS POWER-UP BLOCKCHAIN-BASED BROOKLYN MICROGRID by Hubertus Breuer on SiliconRepublic.com https://www.siliconrepublic.com/machines/brooklyn-microgrid-blockchain-energy-networks
• 3 USE CASES OF HOW BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IS ALREADY UNLOCKING VALUE by Tom Serres  https://medium.com/animal-media/3-use-cases-of-how-blockchain-technology-is-already-unlocking-value-ec0b01129b03
  The article spotlights three companies using blockchains. Read the full abstract.
• HYPERLEDGER FABRIC https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/fabric
  Through contributions by IBM and Digital Asset, Hyperledger Fabric was developed as a blockchain framework for other applications. Read the full abstract.
• HOW BLOCKCHAIN IS CHANGING THE WAY WE INVEST by Daan Pepijn https://thenextweb.com/contributors/2017/08/03/blockchain-changing-way-invest
  Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether have grown in value making it easier for traders to exchange that value for paper currency. Read the full abstract.
• SMART DUBAI OFFICE AND 1776 PARTNER TO LAUNCH FIRST BLOCKCHAIN CHALLENGE IN DUBAI. January 2017. http://www.smartdubai.ae/story0205b.php
  The city of Dubai launched its Blockchain Challenge on Feb. 5, 2017 inviting startups and businesses to contribute ideas on how Dubai can achieve its goal of integrating blockchain technology into the city. Read the full abstract.
• THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION IS BUYING INTO BLOCKCHAIN TECH by Aaron Stanley on CoinDesk.com https://www.coindesk.com/the-trump-administration-is-buying-into-blockchain-tech/
  Officials in the Trump Administration are interested in blockchain technology for its potential to streamline bureacracy, empower consumers with the ability to control their information and drive economic growth. Read the full abstract.
• USING BLOCKCHAIN TO KEEP PUBLIC DATA PUBLIC by Brian Forde on Harvard Business Review  https://hbr.org/2017/03/using-blockchain-to-keep-public-data-public
  Details how both government and companies can gain back public trust by using public blockchains to increase their transparency.
• ILLINOIS RELEASES ITS FIRST OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT REPORT ON BLOCKCHAIN by News Staff on GovTech.com
  http://www.govtech.com/computing/Illinois-Releases-First-Official-Government-Report-on-Blockchain-.html
  A consortium of Illinois state and county agencies, known as the Illinois Blockchain Initiative, has released it first report on blockchain potential in government. Of interest in the report is using blockchain for digital identities and universal access to government benefits.
• BLOCKCHAIN REWRITING THE WAY GOVERNMENT DOES BUSINESS by Leonard Brody on Forbes.com https://www.forbes.com/kpmg/the-great-rewrite/#/8

Articles About Using Blockchain For:

• Public Libraries/Information Centers

  • BLOCKCHAIN CAN MAKE SOCIAL NETWORKS MORE PRIVATE – AND MORE PROFITABLE FOR YOU by Daan Pepijn on thenextweb.com
    https://thenextweb.com/contributors/2017/08/21/blockchain-can-make-social-networks-private-profitable/
    This is on a website called The Next Web. This site also has a number of other blockchain articles that might be interesting. This article discusses using blockchain to decentralize social networking. Read the full abstract.
  • ACCENTURE AND MICROSOFT PLAN DIGITAL IDS FOR MILLION OF REFUGEES on BBC.com News http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40341511
    The broader idea is a digital ID network using blockchain technology to connect public and commercial records so people have access to their information from anywhere. Read the full abstract.

• Academic Libraries/Higher Education

  • SONY WANTS TO DIGITIZE EDUCATION RECORDS USING BLOCKCHAIN by Jon Russell https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/09/sony-education-blockchain
    This article talks about how the Sony company wants to use blockchain as a ledger for a “digital transcript.” Read the full abstract.
  • SCHOOLS ARE RECORDING STUDENTS RESULTS ON THE BLOCKCHCAIN by Luke Graham https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/09/schools-are-recording-students-results-on-the-blockchain.html
  • BLOCKCHAIN REVOLUTION & HIGHER EDUCATION by Dan Tapscott and Alex Tapscott in Educause Review March/April 2017: https://er.educause.edu/articles/2017/3/the-blockchain-revolution-and-higher-education
    Educause Review (why IT matters to higher education): “What if there was an Internet of value — a global, distributed, highly secure platform, ledger, or database where we could store and exchange things of value and where we could trust each other without powerful intermediaries? That is the blockchain.” Read the full abstract.
  • CREDENTIALS, REPUTATION AND THE BLOCKCHAIN by J. Philipp Schmidt in Educause Review on Monday, April 27, 2017: https://er.educause.edu/articles/2017/4/credentials-reputation-and-the-blockchain
    Digital credentials include formal diplomas and degrees as well as a broader range of achievements such as participation in online communities, after-school programs, certificates on the job, etc. Read the full abstract

• School Media Centers

  • BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY PROMISES INNOVATION IN K-12 RECORD KEEPING by Erin Brereton https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2017/08/blockchain-technology-promises-innovation-k-12-record-keeping

• Special Information Centers: Medical

  • AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BLOCKCHAIN AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES AND MEDICINE https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28714815
    Full article requires a valid login, can be accessed through SJSU student login in SJSU library collection. Academic Journal: Medical Reference Services Quarterly. This article gives a brief description of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. Read the full abstract.
  • BLOCKCHAIN INNOVATION IN HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES  by Vala Afshar on Huffington Post.com http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/blockchain-innovation-in-healthcare-and-life-sciences_us_59c91296e4b0b7022a646c4b

• Special Information Centers: Legal

  • BLOCKCHAIN 3.0 OR WEB 3.NO? published by Debbie Ginsberg in the September/October 2017 issue of AALL Spectrum, Volume 22, No. 1, P. 36 -39.
    http://epubs.aallnet.org/i/862080-aall-spectrum-september-october-2017-volume-22-number-1/37?
    The article begins with a quick introduction to blockchains including a comic representation. Read the full abstract.

• Special Information Centers: Museums/Archives

  • THIS STARTUP WANTS TO USE BLOCKCHAINS TO TRACK EVERY IMAGE ON THE INTERNET by Joon Ian Wong https://qz.com/651616/this-startup-wants-to-use-blockchains-to-track-every-image-on-the-internet/

• Special Information Centers: Other

   

• Videos/Webinars/Conference Videos:

  • PUTTING PUBLIC RECORDS ON THE BLOCKCHAIN (VIDEO) https://www.forbes.com/kpmg/the-great-rewrite/#/archive/36
  • HOW LIBRARIES MIGHT CHANGE  http://musingsaboutlibrarianship.blogspot.com/2017/04/how-libraries-might-change-when-ai.html
    This is an article on a good sized blog created by an academic librarian in Singapore. This post includes sections on the possible future effects on libraries by advances in machine learning, AI, linked data and blockchains. Read the full abstract.
  • DC BLOCKCHAIN SUMMIT, CHAMBER OF DIGITAL COMMERCE, MARCH 15-17, 2017. https://digitalchamber.org/events/dc-summit-2017.html
    The DC Blockchain Summit, held at Georgetown University in March 2017, featured keynote speakers from the Blockchain Caucus as well as several industry professionals. Video recordings of each speaker can be found in a video gallery. Read the full abstract.
  • BUSINESS OF BLOCKCHAIN CONFERENCE, MIT Media Lab, April 18, 2017. https://www.media.mit.edu/events/business-of-the-blockchain/
    MIT’s Media Lab and the Technology Review hosted the Business of Blockchain Conference on April 18, 2017 to discuss how blockchains, or distributed ledgers, could be the key to let people do business across borders and continents, safely and securely without relying on third parties. Read the full abstract.
  • WEBINAR: ENTERPRISE BLOCKCHAIN: CURRENT PITFALLS, FUTURE POTENTIAL  https://www.gartner.com/user/registration/webinar?resId=3682917&commId=257115&channelId=5501&srcId=1-3931087981 Hosted by Ray Valdes the Vice President of Gartner, Inc. and a Gartner Fellow. Read the full abstract.
  • BLOCKCHAIN CONFERENCE IN DC – This is a recap: https://bravenewcoin.com/news/blockchain-conference-d-c-tackles-hype-to-regulation
    In this recap of the second annual Blockchain D.C. conference, common questions about blockchains were answered. Read the full abstract.